כג אמר מר ר"מ אומר אף הצבוע
23 may perhaps mean through contact sideways.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 70. n. 5. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> Some arrived at the same conclusion by having first raised the following objection: We have learnt: NOR TO FALL DOWN.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Is usual. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> But was it not taught: '… or crush a human being, or an animal or utensils'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Is usual. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> R. Eleazar replied: There is no contradiction: the former statement deals with a case of large pitchers,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is unusual. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> whereas the latter deals with small pitchers.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is usual. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> THE WOLF, THE LION, THE BEAR, THE LEOPARD AND THE BARDALIS [PANTHER].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [G] ');"><sup>23</sup></span> What is bardalis? — Rab Judah said: nafraza.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] D.S. [H] from [H] 'to run' or 'jump'. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> What is nafraza? — R. Joseph said: apa.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [ [H] contraction of [H] (hyena)]. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> An objection was raised: R. Meir adds also the zabu'a.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Lit., 'the many-coloured'. Another term for hyena on account of its coloured stripes.] ');"><sup>26</sup></span> R. Eleazar adds, also the snake.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To those which are enumerated in the Mishnah as Mu'ad ab initio. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> Now R. Joseph said that zabu'a means apa!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If zabu'a means apa, how could bardalis, which is mentioned independently, also mean apa. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> — This, however, is no contradiction, for the latter appellation [zabu'a] refers to the male whereas the former [bardalis] refers to the female,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So Rashi's second interpretation; others reverse. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> as taught elsewhere: The male zabu'a [hyena] after seven years turns into a bat,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The male zabu'a is subject to undergo constant and rapid changes in the evolution of its physique, so that on account of these various transformations it has various appellations, such as bardalis, nafraza and apa [For parallels in ancient Greek and Roman literature for this belief, v. Lewysohn. Zoologie, p. 77.] ');"><sup>30</sup></span> the bat after seven years turns into an arpad,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., a species of bat; cf. Targum Jonathan Lev, XI, 19, where Heb. [H] is rendered [H]. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> the arpad after seven years turns into kimmosh,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., a species of thorn (Jast.). ');"><sup>32</sup></span> the kimmosh after seven years turns into a thorn, the thorn after seven years turns into a demon. The spine of a man after seven years turns into a snake,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is the symbol of ingratitude. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> should he not bow<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And thus not appreciate the favours of eternal God bestowed upon mortal man. [This is but a quaint way of indicating the depths into which human depravity, which has its source in ingratitude to the Creator, may gradually sink.] ');"><sup>34</sup></span> while reciting the benediction, 'We give thanks unto Thee'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. P.B. p. 51. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> The Master said: 'R. Meir adds also the zabu'a;